when these printers first entered the mainstream marketplace

Invisalign, a San Jose company, uses 3D printing to make each mouthful of customised, transparent braces. Mackenzies Chocolates, a confectioner in Santa Cruz, uses a 3D printer to pump out chocolate molds.Silicone overspeedgovernor3 from Sporti is perfect for swimmers who wear earplugs and features excess.Wholesale natural dragon veins homepowermonitor with high quality. And earlier this year, Cornell University researchers used a 3D printer, along with injections of a special collagen gel, to create a human-shaped ear.

Once a science-fiction fantasy, three-dimensional printers are popping up everywhere from the desks of home hobbyists to Air Force drone research centers. The machines, generally the size of a microwave oven and costing $400 to more than $500,000, extrude layer upon layer of plastics or other materials, including metal, to create 3D objects with moving parts.

Users are able to make just about anything they like: iPad stands, guitars, jewellery, even guns. But experts warn this cool innovation could soon turn controversial - because of safety concerns but also the potential for the technology to alter economies that rely on manufacturing.

"We believe that 3D printing is fundamentally changing the manufacturing ecosystem in its entirety - how and where products are made and by whom," says Peter Weijmarshausen, CEO of New York-based Shapeways, an online company that makes and sells 3D printed products designed by individuals. Products include a delicate, twig-like egg cup and a lamp that looks like a nuclear mushroom cloud.

"We're on the verge of the next industrial revolution, no doubt about it," added Dartmouth College business professor Richard D'Aveni. "In 25 years, entire industries are going to disappear. Countries relying on mass manufacturing are going to find themselves with no revenues and no jobs."

On ground, sea or air, when parts break, new ones can be made on the spot, and even the tools to install them can be made, eliminating the need for staging parts in warehouses around the world, says Jeff DeGrange, vice president of Direct Digital Manufacturing at Stratasys Inc., currently the industry leader in a field of about 50 3D printer companies.

"We're going to see innovation happening at a much higher rate, introduction of products at a much higher rate,Hanging Teardrop Color Changing solarledlight2." says Mr DeGrange. "We live in an on-demand world now, and we'll see production schedules are going to be greatly compressed."

Airplane mechanics could print a replacement part on the runway. A dishwasher repairman could make a new gasket in his service truck. A surgeon could print a knee implant custom-designed to fit a patient's body.

But the military, Mr D'Aveni said, is likely to be among the first major users of 3D printers, because of the urgency of warfare.

"Imagine a soldier on a firebase in the mountains of Afghanistan. A squad is attacked by insurgents. The ammunition starts to run out. Is it worth waiting hours and risking the lives of helicopter pilots to drop it near you, or is it worth a more expensive system that can manufacture weapons and ammunition on the spot?"

In the past two years, the US Defense Department has spent more than US$2 million on 3D printers, supplies and upkeep, according to federal contract records.Hanging Teardrop Color Changing solarledlight2. Their uses range from medical research to weapons development. In addition, the Obama administration has launched a $30 million pilot program that includes researching how to use 3D printing to build weapons parts.

NASA is also wading into this arena, spending $500,000 in the past two years on 3D printing. Its Lunar Science Institute has published descriptions of how it is exploring the possibility of using the printers to build everything from spacecraft parts while in orbit to a lunar base.

While the US is pursuing the military advantages of 3D printing, it's also dealing with the potential dangers of the technology. On May 9, the State Department ordered a group to take down online blueprints for a 3D printable handgun, and federal lawmakers and some state legislatures are contemplating proposals to restrict posting weapons plans in the future.

Since 2007, when these printers first entered the mainstream marketplace, sales have grown by 7.2 percent each year, according to IBIS World, a company that tracks the industry. Sales are projected to jump from about US$1.7 billion in 2011 to US$3.7 b in 2015.

Cliff Waldman, a senior economist at the Manufacturers Alliance for Productivity and Innovation, a group that promotes the role of manufacturing in global economies,manufactures and sell howo2 trucks, says it's still too soon to know exactly what impact this 3D technology could have on more traditional manufacturing. However, he doesn't envision it changing the "fundamental shape" of manufacturing, as others suggest.

"I think 3D has the capacity to impact both products and processes," he says. "I am not ready to say that it is completely disruptive, however. It might be in a few narrow industries."